Isaac Asimov :: essays research papers

Isaac Asimov is a very talented writer. Isaac focuses on the intensity of his novels and short stories. Suspense is one of the things he focuses on when writing short stories such as "Marooned off Vesta." "Marooned off Vesta is a story of triumph and intelligence. This story shows what can happen if you draw up your mind to it"(Corke). &9Isaac Asimov, of Jewish descent, was born in Petrovichi, U.S.S.R. on January 2, 1920. His parents were Judah and Anna Rachel Asimov. Isaac also had a brother named Stanley and a sister named Marcia. In 1923 the Asimovs left the Soviet Union and immigrated to the States. Getting over seas was not as easy as it is today. The Asimovs had to endure a horrible boat ride with horrible food, seasickness, and the anxiety of what the future had in store for them. They made their home in Brooklyn, New York where they opened a candy store (Erlanger 9). When he was nine years of age, after educate he worked in his parents candy store. It was then that began reading science fiction magazines. He had to struggle to read these magazines because his father would not permit him to read "such junk"(Erlanger 9). " Isaac you should be reading books with more value," his father told him (wilson). Sooner or later his father gave in and told him not to forget his library books (Erlanger 11). However, this reading bodily was the only thing that his dad would let him touch on the magazine rack. &9Young Isaac was a brilliant student. He went through inculcate more quickly than other students. But there was one thing holding him back which was him being a class clown. He was frequently in trouble for talking in class (Erlanger 16). The person he could really identify with was his friend, "Solly," Solomon Frisch. Solly made up stories mostly every day off the covert of his head for Isaac. This was when Isaac learned that stories do not have to come from magazines or books, they can come from a person. Unfortunately when Solly and Isaac were both seven, they parted as a result of both families moving. The Asimovs moved on Essex street near Judahs new candy store. As the years went on and he graduated Boys High inculcate in 1935, he applied to Columbia University and took on Chemistry as a major (Erlanger 18).

An Uplifting Church Experience :: Biography Biographies Essays

An Uplifting perform ExperienceAs my friend Jenni and I entered the hall of the big church, a feeling of apprehension overwhelmed us. Our feelings were soon soothe when we entered a sea of smiling faces and outstretched hands. A sense of belonging engulfed us. Ms. Shirley, an older colored woman was first to extend her arms. She did not know us from Adam, but it did not matter. She threw her arms around us. You girls have the prettiest smiles, she declared. I am so glad you came to be with us this morning. Words can not let on what the act of kindness did to our feelings of apprehension, and that was just the beginning. The second parishoner to show her gratitude was another older women. She was wearing a flowered dress with a big floppy hat. She asked that we firm the official guest book and requested that we fill out an information card. She had a smile and a heart each made of pure gold. She took not bad(p) pride in her job. The church had named her the greeter over 21 years ago, and according to her version of the story she had not overleaped a Sunday yet. We took our separate and moved into the sanctuary. It was magnificent. The first thing to catch my eye was a monstrous chandelier that hung from the 50 foot ceiling. It was awe inspiring. As my eyes surveyed the room, it was hard to vault the antique maple pews that provided seats for approximately 300 people. Plush emerald green carpet was the grounding to the room. Its path led directly up to the stage which was home to a variety of items. The band, pulpit, arid baptismal were the most obvious. Above the stage was a huge dome, it was colored in shades of blue, mauve, white, and several other soft accents. A bright light was right in the center of its point. Our gazing was soon interrupted when the official greeter returned. This time she was quick and to the point. She collected our card and informed us that service was about to begin. Within a matter of minutes, a middle-aged man stepped up to the pulpit and asked us to stand. Brother Terry, lead us in a quick prayer to open the mornings service. The band was already in position and a worship team was waiting in the wings.An Uplifting Church Experience Biography Biographies EssaysAn Uplifting Church ExperienceAs my friend Jenni and I entered the hall of the big church, a feeling of apprehension overwhelmed us. Our feelings were soon console when we entered a sea of smiling faces and outstretched hands. A sense of belonging engulfed us. Ms. Shirley, an older colored woman was first to extend her arms. She did not know us from Adam, but it did not matter. She threw her arms around us. You girls have the prettiest smiles, she declared. I am so glad you came to be with us this morning. Words can not draw in what the act of kindness did to our feelings of apprehension, and that was just the beginning. The second parishoner to show her gratitude was another older women. She was wearing a flowered dress with a big floppy h at. She asked that we indicate the official guest book and requested that we fill out an information card. She had a smile and a heart each made of pure gold. She took cracking pride in her job. The church had named her the greeter over 21 years ago, and according to her version of the story she had not missed a Sunday yet. We took our cards and moved into the sanctuary. It was magnificent. The first thing to catch my eye was a monstrous chandelier that hung from the 50 foot ceiling. It was awe inspiring. As my eyes surveyed the room, it was hard to miss the antique maple pews that provided seats for approximately 300 people. Plush emerald green carpet was the grounding to the room. Its path led directly up to the stage which was home to a variety of items. The band, pulpit, arid baptismal were the most obvious. Above the stage was a huge dome, it was colored in shades of blue, mauve, white, and several other soft accents. A bright light was right in the center of its point. Our g azing was soon interrupted when the official greeter returned. This time she was quick and to the point. She collected our cards and informed us that service was about to begin. Within a matter of minutes, a middle-aged man stepped up to the pulpit and asked us to stand. Brother Terry, lead us in a quick prayer to open the mornings service. The band was already in position and a worship team was waiting in the wings.

Symbols of Steinbeck’s Social Commentary Essays -- Literary Analysis

People in the 1930s were fighting a losing battle with themselves. They were approaching a depression, facing the eyes of war, and difficult to stay on their feet with what little resources they had. Most were farmers and made a living by manual labor. The majority of what they owned, they made themselves. Such is the setting in keister Steinbecks critically acclaimed short story The Chrysanthemums. In this story, Steinbeck set out to paint a portrait of what the conditions of the people were really like, but in a different light. Instead of focusing on technicalities, he focused on what the heart of America was going throughthe struggles between what social standards expected and what individuals desired. In The Chrysanthemums, Steinbeck uses the characters Elisa Allen, the Tinker, and Henry Allen to exemplify the different personas of the time, and to reveal certain truths of society associated with each. Elisa Allen lives a peaceful support, but is fighting a constan t battle with the prejudicial, parental society against her as a female. As Kenneth Kempton, author of absolutely Stories for Study, notes, whether it is freedom suggested by the nomadic life of the tinker, or children symbolized by her care of the schoolgirlish plants, or manliness as indicated by her delight in her strength and her masochist scrubbing of her body in the bath, or a normal sex life hinted at by her tenseness with when with her possibly impotent husband, or merely her lost youth as implied at the end, Elisa is struggling inwardly. first with a detailed description of the Salinas River Valley, which is enclosed in fog like a pot, the physical surroundings echo Elisas lifestyle. In fact, the chrysanthemum stems seemed alike small and easy for her ene... ...n the bright direction of the Tinker. Had the Tinker been better able to support himself, perhaps he would not have had to throw Elisas chrysanthemums on the side of the road. Opportunity, although presented to each of the characters, was never fully grasped, and so it remained, that fog and rain did not go together. Works CitedKempton, Kenneth Payson. Objectivity as Approach. Short Stories for Study. Cambridge Mass. Harvard UP, 1953. 120-24. Print. Palmerino, Gregory J. Steinbecks THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS. Rev. of The Chrysanthemums Explicator 62.3 (2004) 164-67. Literary Reference Center. Web. Price, Victoria. The Chrysanthemums. Masterplots. 4th ed. Pasadena, CA Salem, 2011. 1-3. Print. Sheets-Nesbitt, Anna, ed. The Chrysanthemums. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anja Barnard. Vol. 37. Detroit Gale Group, 2000. 320-63. Print.

Essay --

Through discover history there has been a vast outgrowth of presidency which has led us to todays modern mill agreements. Machinery and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century plain play a vital role in these changes however before we can analyse how they have influenced the system greatly we have to understand how the organisations came astir(predicate) in the first holding and how they have changed in order to have created the demand for machinery and therefore the industrial revolution. There has been much reason over what prompted development and change. Marglin (1974) states that it wasnt the new machinery and industrial revolution that prompted change it was in fact, the control and new energy from the old organisation systems to the more(prenominal)(prenominal) modern factory system that created the demand. He questions whether work nerve is determined by society or technology and asks whether hierarchical authority is really necessary for high levels of prod uction (Marglin 1974 p19). until now others disagreed and it is still an ongoing debate eg. David Landes (1969) argues that the symbol of revolution was a combination of technological and cultural factors. The transformation from early organisations such as workshops, guilds, cooperatives and the putting out system to the rise of the factory system brings us closer to todays organisation. In the early organisations in workshops there was scope for embezzlement, a scant(p) allocation of resources and traditional hierarchies were truly common. The putting-out system was a simple, decentralized method of producing manufactured goods and it had been in use for a few centuries by the time it grew in importance during the mid-18th Century. The system was base upon the idea of a central auth... ...age in the development of the organisation had been established, we can focus on the most relevant cause force that led us to modern factory systems. It was in fact Weber who brought in th e idea of bureaucracy and this is what has led factories to be more equivalent modern organisations cod to more hierarchical control and maximum efficiency. The industrial sector is constantly evolving and this can be seen during the 19th Century when the main capricious force was leaning more towards improvements in machinery and technology. This changed during the 20th Century when bureaucracy, hierarchy and control had more influence. Industry will continue to evolve and refine itself due to demand for higher efficiency and productivity. With the ever changing business environment and constant technological advances, it is hard to predict what may influence manufacturing systems next. Essay -- Throughout history there has been a vast development of organisation which has led us to todays modern factory systems. Machinery and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century obviously play a vital role in these changes however before we can analyse how they have inf luenced the system greatly we have to understand how the organisations came about in the first place and how they have changed in order to have created the demand for machinery and therefore the industrial revolution. There has been much debate over what prompted development and change. Marglin (1974) states that it wasnt the new machinery and industrial revolution that prompted change it was in fact, the control and new efficiency from the old organisation systems to the more modern factory system that created the demand. He questions whether work organization is determined by society or technology and asks whether hierarchical authority is really necessary for high levels of production (Marglin 1974 p19). However others disagreed and it is still an ongoing debate eg. David Landes (1969) argues that the symbol of revolution was a combination of technological and cultural factors. The transformation from early organisations such as workshops, guilds, cooperatives and the putting out system to the rise of the factory system brings us closer to todays organisation. In the early organisations in workshops there was scope for embezzlement, a poor allocation of resources and traditional hierarchies were very common. The putting-out system was a simple, decentralized method of producing manufactured goods and it had been in use for a few centuries by the time it grew in importance during the mid-18th Century. The system was based upon the idea of a central auth... ...age in the development of the organisation had been established, we can focus on the most relevant driving force that led us to modern factory systems. It was in fact Weber who brought in the idea of bureaucracy and this is what has led factories to be more like modern organisations due to more hierarchical control and maximum efficiency. The industrial sector is constantly evolving and this can be seen during the 19th Century when the main driving force was leaning more towards improvements in machin ery and technology. This changed during the 20th Century when bureaucracy, hierarchy and control had more influence. Industry will continue to evolve and refine itself due to demand for higher efficiency and productivity. With the ever changing business environment and constant technological advances, it is hard to predict what may influence manufacturing systems next.

Dreaming Problems :: essays research papers fc

Dreaming ProblemsA large epidemic affecting approximately one in dickens Americans, accordingto a Gallup survey, is pauseing difficulty. This difficulty can come in one ofmany different forms. Problems falling a residue, grogginess after sufficientamounts of sleep, or waking suddenly and not being able to fall back asleep arethe most common of the problems that occur in Americans. I shall explain in myreport, the importance of sleep, differences in types of sleep, the approximate reccomended daily amount of sleep, variables that may affect sleep, and somesimple tips to aide you in attaining effective slumber.Why, exactly is sleep necessary? Sleep is more than a period of restfor the brain, in fact, it is just the opposite. As you sleep, your bodyrepairs itself, and your psyche repairs itself, also. According to the Galluppoll, people who dont have problems sleeping, are able to cope with problemseasier, concentrate better, and finish tasks more adequitely. deficiency of sleep ca ncause memory, learning, reasoning and calulation functions to decrease inefficiency. Lack of sleep can lead to illness and psychiatric problems also.An approximate 200,000 auto accidents are probably caused by sleep hindrence,and also, an estimate was made that sleep privation and work cost the economyone hundred fifty thousand dollars.Amount of sleep necessary depends upon the individual. Some are readyto go with six hours of sleep, while others cant function without nine. If aperson feels unable to stay focused during monotonous or boring work, it ispossible they may select more sleep. Also, need for sleep doesnt decline withage, it just may be more difficult to retain the ablility to sleep, as one may recur vision or hearing.Sleep is not just a time of relaxation and rest for the body. In fact,the body is doing as much (almost) when asleep (sometimes) as when awake. Thereare, in fact, five stages of sleep. They include quad stages of relaxation andone of dreaming. The dreamin g stage, REM, is one where the body is paralyzed,and the brain is afire with activity. Your mind creates scenarios for you, andhas usually four or five per night.Some factors that may affect your sleep are as follows. There are agreat many possiblile variables in sleep deprivation, and are usually the causeof insomnia. Stress in the workplace, home, social situation, or anywhere elseis the number one cause of sleeping distress. Alcohol or caffiene in theafternoon or evening can severly alter sleep habits. Physical or mentallyintense activities can cause sleep deprivation or difficulty also.

Lawyers’ Role in Dispute Resolution Essay -- Law Legal Lawyer

Lawyers Role in Dispute ResolutionModern Ameri croupe culture provides an inconsistent vision of the persona of lawyersin dispute resolution. Lawyers are alternately portrayed as greedy, corrupt peoplewithout morals or as necessary and competent allies in protecting individuals againstlarger and better-funded opponents. In reality, while lawyers put on the definitecapability to change the outcome of a dispute in a negative way, they eventually have apositive effect by allowing citizens access to the legal system. By its very nature, thelegal system is confusing, puts the inexperienced at a disadvantage, and can be difficultto access for claimants with little authority. Lawyers provide a way to overcome theseobstacles. They are beneficial because they effectively use their experience andeducation to financial aid their clients, facilitate their clients freedom in trial, aid in theformation of cases, and add authority and weight to a claim.The experience and education lawyers have is invaluable in providing legalaccess for their clients. Their knowledge and skill allow lawyers to effectively interpretthe legal system and therefore help their clients navigate it. The American legal system,in the two hundred years it has been in existence, has hold out extremely complex andconfusing to the uninitiated. The trial process alone can become a Byzantine series ofmotions, objections, briefs, and rulings. Despite the fact that defendants are allowed torepresent themselves, the very structure of the system is so complicated that being oremploying a professional lawyer is all but necessary. court-ordered documents, too, are soconfusing that even non-trial disputes can be impossible for a layman to handle. Alawyers training i... ...nore, Peter dErrico, Ethan Katsh, Ronald M.Pipkin, Janet Rifkin (Boston Houghton Mifflin, 2002) 76-83.Langum, David J. William M. Kunstler The Most Hated Lawyer in America,Introduction to Legal Studies A Reader, ed. Thomas Hilbink, 2005, 83 -97.Haltom, William. Michael McCann, Distorting the Law Politics, Media, and thejudicial proceeding Crisis, Introduction to Legal Studies A Reader, ed. Thomas Hilbink,2005, 23-46.Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. The Transformation of Legal Disputes by Lawyers What theDispute Paradigm Does and Does Not Tell Us, Before the Law AnIntroduction to the Legal Process. Ed. Stephen Arons, John J Bonsignore, PeterdErrico, Ethan Katsh, Ronald M. Pipkin, Janet Rifkin (Boston HoughtonMifflin, 2002) 478-480Toobin, Jeffrey. Killer Instinct, Introduction to Legal Studies A Reader, ed. ThomasHilbink, 2005, 251-260.

Describe the Type of Business, Its Purpose and Ownership

Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses. I will be language about two organisations the first organisation I have decided to discuss is ASDA and I will follow it of by McDonalds as the second organisation. Asda is a Public company and is a British supermarket chain which supplies various services to the customers such as Clothing, Food, and General Merchandise and so on It has become a multi-national entrepot leading of its subsidiary of Wal-Mart which is American based. It is kind of a large business and has approx 231+ superstores within the UK, and the number of store openings is still arising.The purpose of ASDA is to sell its services and goods to the topical anaesthetic consumers of different areas/cities within the UK and also out of the UK. It offers a wide range of services to its customers, supplying goods such as clothing and food it is a quite a commonly known organisation. Asda is concerned in attracting the budget market a s any other business would look into the same type of aim, as a business it is achieving massively in result to the number of stores and the investment into Netto which was brought by Asda in 2010.The ownership of Asda is a PLC (Public Limited Company) this is because its shares can be brought on the share market making it a PLC. The purpose of Asda is that they exist to gain profit, the openings of more stores is to gain sales and so that more customers come into their business etc. As my second organisation I have decided to discuss about McDonalds, it is the worlds largest chain of fast food restaurant. The business began in 1940 the Headquarters are based in the United States and the corporation was founded by a businessman.In 2003 the company had launched the Im Lovin It campaign. The purpose of the business is to serve its customers with the sensitive quality of food that they provide. It is a worldwide company and has over 33,000 stores in approx 118 different countries, and serves about 64 million daily. The number of worldwide employees for McDonalds is 1. 7 million, and the oral sex executive director for McDonalds is Jim Skinner.

Identification After Gender Essay

Time episode Fionna and Cake and rendering Berengier of the Long Ass, the expectations of genders are exposed through and through the reversal of roles in both of these pieces. The characters in these stories clearly demonstrate the expectations that certain males and females must negotiate in order to expose the problems when there is labeling of certain genders.Judith unlesslers analysis of gender is that it is performative- meaning that nobody really is a gender from the start after watching the video and reading the text for this exercise, t is clear that Fionna and The horse cavalry expose the misconceptions of gender throughout societies today. In our society today there are certain notions that opusy people have or so what are right and wrong for males and females to wear, think, and act.There are certain things that are expected out of males- a toughness about them, an attitude that declares them as the man of the house- that is partially labeled upon every male in our society. Females are expected to be the ones who constantly act girly and let the males do everything involving manual labor- this is an unfair label that is placed upon every female in our society. The video that Judith Butler takes part in is an example of a certain female who does not intend in conforming with the problems of the rest of our society- taking a stand against the normal ideas of the public.Judith Bakers ideas are expressed throughout Fionna and Cake and Berengier of the Long Ass, when Fionna , The Lady, and The sawbuck expose these misconceptions by swapping roles The Lady and Fionna act as the males, while Prince Gumball and The Knight act as the females. The idea that Fionna and The Lady act as the males in these stories repair the problem that our society has when it omes to the definition of males and females.There are certain expectations that must be fulfilled when it comes to organismness seen as a male or female, but in these two pieces (video and grad e), the main characters both reject the expectations, or try and fulfill them unsuccessfully. In the Adventure Time episode Fionna and Cake Fionna and Prince Gumball act as their opposite gender in many ways. passim Fionna and Cake Fionna refuses to completely fulfill these expectations that are placed among most(prenominal) females.Fionna goes through the majority of the video as a tomboy who would rather carry weapons in her person than hold up-up. However, by the end of the video she adapts to the normal expectations for females by dressing up in a dress and trying to flatter Prince Gumball. In order for Fionna to expose the expectations of certain genders, Fionna goes to the extreme limit when trying to act as a boy for there is nothing more manly for a human-being to do than to save someones life.Fionna saves Prince Gumball, which in turn creates a relationship amid the two that was not there before. It becomes evident that there is a gender swap in this video when Fionna i s the one who is catching Prince Gumball when he falls from the ceiling. o infatuate Fionna, represent the inner-man of Princess Ice, and getting the inner- woman out of Fionna. Fionna Justifies the ideas of Judith Butlers by showing the audience that it took awhile for her to find her preferred gender- switching preferences multiple times between the beginning and end of the video.Fionna proves that any female can be happy doing male-type things, but also can be happy with a man, which goes against the norm of being a tom boy. By the end of the story it is clear that Fionna chooses to give up the girly personality that is expected mong women, while consistently being herself, and attracting the Prince of her dreams. In the reading Berengier of the Long Ass, The Knight and his Lady successfully pull transfer an epic gender swap that The Knight would not be very proud of.Throughout the beginning of the story the Lady constantly criticizes her husband for being lazy and not being a chivalrous Knight. Because she questions the Knights manhood, the Knight forces himself to view as a change. The Knight then tries to fulfill the expectations of Knights in our society by creating fake battles in the forests to impress his wife. Because he does a bad Job of faking his frighten off and injuries after these fake battles, the wife begins to catch on to his tricks. The wife then follows him to the next battle realizing that what he was saying the whole entire time was a fraud.Butlers applications to gender being performative comes into play here, because the Knight tries so hard to be a man -that his life turns upside down because of it. The Knights wife then brings back another guy to the house, knowing that because her husband is a woman in her eyes, he will not all the same think about doing anything to harm her. When the Knight realizes that his attempt at conforming to the publics interpretation ofa knight has failed, he feels as though he is a failure- for the only important in most knights life is the chivalrous way in which they live.A Knights expectation is to be the most brave, genuine, and honest guy of all however, in this case the knights wife was more of a knight than he was. The Knight in this story tried to adapt to the expectations that are naturally placed on him, and instead of adapting he completely failed at his attempt. Most people are better off being their atural-selves than trying to fulfill the expectations that others place on them.After analyzing Fionna, Prince Gumball, The Knight, and his wife, it is obvious that being yourself leads to the most happiness between one and their partner. Fionna maintains her inner-boy personality and ends up being the happiest girl in the world. The Knight tries to change his personality and ends up watching his wife hang out with another man. Judith Butlers ideas really make sense after analyzing these characters because of the way in which characters can reject the expectations of their gender and be completely happy because of it.

My Favorite pace

My Favorite Place My favorite dapple is very general. It is very peaceful, and is full of nature. So the edge is my Favorite place that I always like to spend my time there, especially one vacation during summer. I still Remember the time I went to the Sihanouk Ville beach for a week, and people another countries, people In Cambodia enjoy going there So Much. As it a common on place to visit, it is a good place for people who ant to spend time on vacation for relaxing with novel air and enjoy eating fresh seafood.These are also the reason why I like to go there. In additional, there are many more reason that I in truth like about going to the beach. For the first thing, I love the summery at the beach it is as beautiful as the painting of an arties. I shadow see a huge, endless sea, and the horizon between it. And the beautiful, bright, blue sky. It could not stop me from taking pictures of this beautiful view. A1 so, I like to have my picture interpreted when i go to there as w ell.Beside this, there are fresh air at the beach. Which I like from the beach. I can smell the flavor air and fell it through have moving my clothes and hair back and forth. It is a helpful fresh air which is excellent for our health, as the desexualise has comment def. I like sitting on the beach looking to the sea and taking long breath to get the fresh air in and out. Sometime smell of seafood grill passes through my noes while some mellers work around selling them.This smell makes stop to buy all those grill seafood. I am really want to eating seafood there because they are fresh and so yum. Looking forward to the sea, I can hear the other hand. It is a quiet place at night. Through the darkness, I can see the brightness of the moon and stars in the sky and hear the sound of the sea waves. I love to lie down in the night at the beach looking at them because they give me calm and peaceful.

Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

Investigation of alternative fuels for industrial muff turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, Paul Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora Contents 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. enthalpy5 3. 1Production5 3. 1. 1 go Reforming of Hydrocarbons5 3. 1. 2Water Splitting5 3. 1. 3 bollixification of Waste & Biomass to make believe syn sport6 3. 1. 4The surgical operation7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial shooter turbines8 4. wood alcohol9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manufacturing Process10 4. 4. 1 Production of wood alcohol from deductive reasoning gas10 4. Industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1 corrode Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3 wood alcohol Synthesis12 4. 5. 4STEP-4 M neutral spirits Purification12 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. place Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar shadowere18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3Distillati on19 5. 3. 4 incomplete Distillation19 5. 4Air pollution21 5. 5Advantages23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial gas turbine is a key sectionalization of new-fashioned electricity generation. In 1998 15% of electric antecedent was produced by gas turbines. Due to their expertness, compactness, reliability and relatively low gear capital cost 81% of new electric power demand will be met by industrial gas turbines. Gas turbines must meet in truth strict dark CO and carbonic acid gas regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of gas turbines and combined affectionateness and power generation embeds increases interrogation has turned to cheaper and more milieu solelyy friendly fuels for gas turbines.Methane C2H4 is the main(prenominal) fossil fuel utilised in gas turbines today unless with increased regulations on carbon firing offs combined with the increasing cost of fossil fuels, research is turning to alternative fuels which may power gas turbines into the future. This literature review explores dominance liquid and gas alternative fuels for industrial gas turbines along with whatsoever of the latest research in the ara and some examples of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil fuels, the fact that they are a finite alternative and the environmental effects of their combustion means that research into alternative fuels is one of the largest and most varied areas of scientific investigation in progress today. As with all scientific research, some will be successful and form the basis of future energy achievement and some will be either in any case inefficient or impractical to be implemented in industry. It is interesting to none that some of the methods which seemed impractical even 10 years ago are now being introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels.Fuels derived from biomass and gasification of sewage sludge and municipal swash and some methods of hydrogen fuel fruit pop to hold the most see to it. Different global energy scenario studies indicate that in India biomass may contribute oft more up to 30% of the energy proviso by 2100 (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined hotness and power (CHP) trunks are at the forefront of future European strategies on energy yield with electric current efficiencies for combined cycle facilities above 60%. The main CHP targets are the reduction of the overall costs and the development of above 40 kW biomass-fired systems..Gas turbines enjoy veri dishearten(prenominal) merits relative to steam turbines and diesel engines. They pack high grade bollocks disembowelion, lower weight per unit power, dual fuel capability, low maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short delivery time, high flexibility and reliability, fast starting time, lower manpower, and have better environmental surgery. (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project foc uses on alternative fuels as applied to industrial gas turbines owing to their projected increase in popularity in the short to medium precondition at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. move Reforming of Hydrocarbons The bulk of hydrogen fuel production is currently via steam reforming of natural gas this emergence involves the reaction of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons with high temperature steam to produce varying amounts of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does non eliminate CO2 but it greatly reduces the amount which is accomplish into the atmosphere. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons is an efficient way of reducing CO2 emissions. In addition to the H2 produced during gasification a low temperature gas alternate reaction with the remaining carbon monoxide merchantman produce further H2.The sue of steam reforming natural gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical substance equations below. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming C H4 + body of water CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/mol Gas Shift CO + H2O CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/mol (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 stop be completely eliminated in a large build where the CO2 is captured and injected into an cover or gas reservoir. It is currently disputed between scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than directly burning fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2Water SplittingThere is currently a lot of research concerning the fragmentizeting of weewee to produce H2. This method is yet to find industrial application as it takes a lot of energy to split pissing and the only sustainable method is the use of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The hydrogen is more likely to be used as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable technologies is not required. An example of this would be the storage of power from a wind turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water-splitting with many me thods being explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting using solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical imputable to the energy requirements to heat the water to 25000K. But if the water is reacted with metal oxides and redox materials it tail assembly be achieved at a much lower temperature. The oxygen and hydrogen are released at assorted arranges eliminating the use up for separation. This surgical process can be conducted in a cycle that produces H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy conversion is the Pyromex waste to energy facility in Germany. The Pyromex system is currently being used successfully to gasify industrial waste in a purpose built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact there are no gaseous emissions from the system there is no need for the construction of smoke stacks and the system is considered separate t o incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid sand like change waste. The waste composition is tabulated below and shows how far below allowable limits the process is.The raw material in the process is otherwise unrecyclable waste products and the system can treat sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash from power plants and various other waste products. The system has the potential to be a major contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The prototype plant working on a through and throughput of 25 ton/day had the potential to produce approximately 2150 kWh by a combined heat to electricity and syngas engine generator system. If used in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no doubt that owing to the greater efficiency this power fall output could be improved.Fig. 1 Exhaust gas emissions (Pyromex) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be gasified is introduced into the slowly turning reactor through a dickens stage tank system. With this da nce orchestraup an oxygen free environment can be ensured inside the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over universal gravitational constantC. The produced gas is then cleaned with a simple acid and an alkaline scrubber. Even though the temperatures within the reactor are far above 1000C, the heighten remains cool enough to be touched by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and therefore no emissions are released into the environment. The process fall down chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process can be advantageously scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 Gasification process of producing syngas from waste & biomass (Pyromex) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines Once the hydrogen has been produced it can be mixed with carbon monoxide which can alike be produced efficiently using solar pow er.This syngas can be used in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel nozzle system and careful control of the fuel air ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the hydrogen can be converted to various hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a relatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen meaning syngas decent an attractive area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydrogen rich gas in a conventional gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The natural gas lean-premixed combustors have to undergo some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels due to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto-ignition stand up and faster flame speed. (Paulo Gobbato et al 2010) One of the routes with the highest potential is the pre combustion route utilizing coal in an integrated gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally assoc iated with its reduced auto-ignition delay time, which can be addressed in one of three approaches 1.De-rating the engine allowing the aforesaid(prenominal) commixture time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through altering the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the flow to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the responsiveness of the fuel i. e. by dilution with an inert gas. 3. Modifying the hardware either to reduce the mixer abode time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is less influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. Methanol 4. 1Abstract 5.When wood alcohol is intended to be used as fuel for gas turbine, it is very important to enhance overall thermal efficiency of the gas turbine system, and to make it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to accomplish this. Combined cycle is not, however, a proper way, as this could likewise be applied to conventional fuel. Noting the unique characteristic of methyl alcohol, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine exhaust gas is transferred to reformed gas.And it is recycled back to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, thus resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Thermal decomposition of methyl alcohol is also an endothermic reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the hybrid system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve additional heat recovery. But this is a complex system. 4. 2Introduction 6. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 Chemical formulation of Methanol 9. Methanol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. Methanol is made from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one o f the older alternative fuels. Like Ethanol, Methanol is very good for blending with gasoline to replace the harmful octane enhancers. The benefits of using Methanol are that it reduces emissions, which has a significant effect on bettering the environment. Methanol can easily be blended with gasoline. It also has a lower risk of flammability than normal gasoline.Another benefit of Methanol is that it is made from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been tested as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-hour test was conducted by Turbo Power and Marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro Station of Florida Power Corporation. The methyl alcohol was fired as a liquid. nighttime emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Sou thern calcium Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCEs Ellwood Energy Support Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methanol from synthesis gas 12. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react over a catalyst to produce methanol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixture of Cu (Copper), zinc oxide, and alumina first used by ICI in 1966. At 510 M Pa (50100 atm) and 250 C, it can turn the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (99. 8%) 13. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, while the methanol synthesis consumes only both moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealings with the excess hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol according to the equation 14. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O. 15 . Some chemists believe that the certain catalysts synthesize methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and consuming CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction 17. CO + H2O CO2 + H2, 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the same as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production 20. The two main two feed stocks, natural gas and water, both require purification before use. Natural Gas contains low levels of process compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of less than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to undetectable or parts per one million million million levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant damages to major pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Refo rming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a mixture of components in the exemplar ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a Reformer furnace which is heated by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. reception Reaction 4. 5. 3STEP-3 Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing excess heat from the reformed gas it is compressed before being sent to the methanol production stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and separated out as a bumpy product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual cycle of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4 Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol solution is purified in two distinct tramples in tall distillate columns called the surpass column and refining column to yield a meliorate product with a purity of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA refined methanol. 27. The methanol process is tested at various stages and the finished product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the plant until such time that it is ready to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction involved is It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at about 300oC. The system performance was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and launch thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and compression ratio is 14. The schematic diagram given below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 Methanol fueled gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using PRO/II. The same adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of approx. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air heating system was also investigated. In this case, thermal efficiency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 times of steam reforming case. Lets explain model making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After defining stoichiometric data for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for equilibrium calculation at specified temperature. For combustor design, two combustion reactions were defined.Then two conversion reactors were connected in series and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. Heat exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and flow configurations were set to true counter flow. Minimum pinch points were set to 1 0 to 20 oC. Pressure drop of each exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. Flow Scheme unit Fig-1 Fig. -2 Waste Heat Recovery Air Heating & Methanol Evap. Steam Reforming, Water Injection & Methanol Evap. Turbine Inlet Temperature oC 1,100 1,100 Compression Ratio - 14 14 Methanol swan kgmol/h 0. 133 0. 133 Stoichiometric Air Rate kgmol/h 1 1 Air Rate kgmol/h 4. 150 2. 600 Reforming Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 133 Total Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 720 excessiveness Air Mol Ratio - 4. 150 2. 600 Water/Air Mol Ratio - 0. 000 0. 277 Water/Methanol Mol Ratio - 0. 000 5. 414 1st Compressor Power kW -12. 472 -7. 814 1st Turbine Power kW 24. 128 19. 750 Water Injection Pump kW - -0. 006 Net Shaft Power kW 11. 656 11. 930 Power Output kW 11. 423 11. 691Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV) kW 47. 149 23. 574 Methanol HHV kJ/mol 638. 10 638. 10 Overall Thermal Efficiency (HHV) % 48. 45 49. 59 Compressor Adiabatic Efficiency % 87 87 Turbine A diabatic Efficiency % 90 90 Generator Efficiency % 98 98 Methanol Evaporator commonwealth/Pinch Point m2/oC 0. 140/10 0. 138/5 Methanol Reformer Area/Reaction Temp. m2/oC - 0. 201/300 Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. m2/oC 2. 972/10/525 0 Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point m2 - 1. 452/10 Total Surface Area m2 3. 112 1. 791 Exhaust Temperature oC 335. 3 102. 5 Table 1 Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Turbo Power and Marine Systems, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. Some fuel system modifications were performed to permit the higher mass and volumetrical flow of methanol to achieve base load output. Some elastomers in the fuel system were replaced with materials impervious to methanol attack. The tests showed Operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillate fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, deceler ate, perform automatic synchronization, and respond to control signals is equal to operations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher mass flow and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of nitrogen emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate emissions during methanol operation.An additional reduction in oxides of nitrogen emission was obtained during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of heavy-duty gas turbine combustors in a private study for Cela nese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GEs Gas Turbine. Development Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B full-scale combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental prohibitionist low NOx combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, dry and also with water addition. A high- twinge centrifugal pump was used to run the methanol to the combustor. The tests demonstrated that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring major modifications to the combustor. NOx emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor firing NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, NOx levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, exit pattern factors, and dynamic pressures were not significantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are valid for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, tall firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vaporized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water content in the methanol provides further NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California Energy Commission 1986). Methanol was fired in a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Low NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by mixing water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel pump were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a waste gas at oil drilling platforms, coal mining sites, landfills, and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derivative methanol is that it is extremely plentiful drilling for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic matter all produce methane already. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and petroleum, methane is a very powerful, detonative gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked decline in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the process by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures by mixing methane with natural gas and gasoline, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not entirely wean the United States off of oil, so its alternative status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a superior turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be modified to accommodate the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low flash point of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that inauguration be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to make commercial offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing methanol fuel in liquid or vapor form based on the earlier experience.Some combustion testing may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in contrary proportions and due to these proportions different names are given to each blend like- 1. As a blend of 10 pct ethanol with 90 percen t lead-free gasoline called E-10 Unleaded. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, both directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary election fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called E-85. (Rex Weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and increases the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its authoritative state. Well the production of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use and production has increased considerably during the 1980s and 1990s not just due to the lack of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the countrys dependence on imported oil, cloggy the trade deficit and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should foreign supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers see an increased demand for grain which helps to st abilize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is created in the plant byphotosynthesis. 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + light C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Duringethanol fermentation,glucoseis decomposed into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ heat During combustion ethanol reacts withoxygento produce carbon dioxide,water, and heat C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion reaction because two molecules of ethanol are produced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal numbers of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the net reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugarfructosealso undergoes fermentation.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking them up byhydrolysisinto the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. Starchandcelluloseare molecules that are strings of glucose molecules, and sucrose(ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant ultimately comes from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so sunlight also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially fromethene(ethylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts ethene to ethanol C2H4+ H2O CH3CH2OH This is done in the presence of an acid whichcatalyzesthe reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum bysteam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in todays world is by the method of fermentation and distillation of sugar whip, grains, corn and so on 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar cane The first stage in ethanol production is to grow a crop such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut down and undergoes fermentation and distillation. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. Bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a crude form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the distillation stills where it is refined to a pure form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The impure/crude ethanol is heated in a still until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it cools and condenses back to pure liquid ethanol. The impurities are left behind in the still. The ethanol trickles down the condensing tubing into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the fractional distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various components of crude oil have d ifferent sizes, weights and boiling temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process calledfractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. Youheatthe mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixtureboils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. Thevaporenters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is change with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column andhelp to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column.There is a tempe rature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. Thevapor risesin the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, itcools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it willcondenseto form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trayscollectthe various liquid fractions. 8. The salt away liquid fractions maypass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they maygo to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see seve ral chemical processors that are described in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.Fig. 7 Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventionalunleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water andaldehydes. Gasoline produces 2. 44CO2equivalentkg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethanol produces 19% more CO2than gasoline for the same energy. TheClean Air Actrequires the addition ofoxygenatesto reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.The additiveMTBEis currently being phased out due to ground water contamination hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by Country (20072011)2646566 Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year) World rank Country/Region 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 United States 13,900 13,231 10,938 9,235 6,485 2 Brazil 5,573. 24 6,921. 54 6,577. 89 6,472. 2 5,019. 2 3 European Union 1,199. 31 1,176. 88 1,039. 52 733. 0 570. 30 4 China 554. 76 541. 55 541. 55 501. 90 486. 00 5 Thailand 435. 20 89. 80 79. 20 6 Canada 462. 3 356. 63 290. 59 237. 70 211. 30 7 India 91. 67 66. 00 52. 80 8 Colombia 83. 21 79. 30 74. 90 9 Australia 87. 2 66. 04 56. 80 26. 40 26. 40 10 Other 247. 27 Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country World Total 22,35 6. 09 22,946. 87 19,534. 993 17,335. 20 13,101. 7 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and premium unleaded gasoline (93). Complete combustion Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an oxygenate to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. Prevent overheating Ethanol burn cooler than gasoline. Fuel Type Ethanol Regular Gasoline Premier Gasoline E10 Gasohol E85 Gasohol Energy Content (/Gallons) 84,600 125,000 131,200 120,900 90,660 Table 3 Energy content of fuelsEnergy content As shown in Table 2, fuel ethanol contains around 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 48% of diesel it is lowest of any of the fuels. The clean burning characteristics extend turb ine life, possibly by as much as 100%. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. subprogram of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require replacement of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen diary Papers G. L. Juste (2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of effects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 29462955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, Applied Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 142114 29 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) Numerical simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 160 Website Pyromex Technology Description http//www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol A Special Report Burning Tomorrows Fuels, Power, S14-S15, February 1979. Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System, Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. Methanol. Clean Coal Stationary Engine Demonstration Project. Executive Summary, California Energy Commission, Report P500-86-004, February 1986. Methanol Power extension Demonstration Test Starts for a Power Source at Peak Demand Japanese High-Technology Monitor, 5 April 199 3. Ethanol blended fuels Rex Weber 2003 of Northwest Iowa union College in cooperation with the Iowa Corn Promotion Board. Fuel Ethanol Zhiyou Wen, Extension Engineer, biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech John Ignosh, Area Specialist, Northwest District, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Jactone Arogo, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech

A Good Teacher Essay

Education is one of the most important parts of our life. Therefore all teachers should examine to be a favourable teacher. The teacher is to help your personality and learning. First, a well behaved teacher is not boring. A good teacher must leave knowledge of his/her unfastened matter. A good teacher should know how to explain the content in easier way that he is teaching. Being a good teacher is to understand the student. In addition, a good teacher should be able to understand that it is important to teach in simple steps so that all students in the year can understand the lesson.The good teacher works with students. A friend of mine told me her math teacher tolerates only students who are good at maths or those who have special interest in the publication. Towards the rest of the class my friend says shes very exacting. She gives homework and tests without bothering to ask about difficulties. She doesnt try to explain it and as a result many students keep getting bad mar ks. I family believe teacher shouldnt forget that all students no matter of their color, race or gender have equal ability to study.Different students have different learning system. Some can learn things well while others need to spend more time over a inclined task. Thats why it is advisable for a teacher to know his students independently so that he can remember what kind of problems they have and find the right way to help them. Theres no doubt that teachers have immense influence on their students. Thats why it its their responsibility to find the best approach of teaching and make classes more amusing and interesting.A Good instructor EssayPlants are shaped by cultivation and men by education. We are born(p) weak, we need strength we are born totally unprovided, we need aid we are born stupid, we need judgement. Everything we do not have at our birth and which we need when we are grown is given to us by education. (Jean Jacques Rousseau) It can be seen that education is o ne of the most important factor of our life. It is the tool that shapes us intellectually, socially, emotionally and personally. The kind of education that we nonplus depends highly on the educators that we encounter.A positive or negative encounter can impact our entire life. Therefore, if it is intended for todays students to be prudent citizens of tomorrows society, then all teachers should emulate the roles of a good teacher. A good teacher is one who is knowledgeable of learners and their development, knowledgeable of subject matter and curriculum goals, creates a good learning environment and. It can be noted that from the interview conducted, Teacher X exemplifies most of the features of a good teacher and is therefore considered as one.Before entering in a classroom, a good teacher should be highly knowledgeable of the subject ambit they leave behind be teaching and have a clear understanding of how to organize the curriculum in order to meet the need of the students and the objectives of the school. The interview highlighted that Teacher X is one of the chief writers of the curriculum for the examination body of her institution. It will be ones belief that a personnel would not have been bestowed such allow if she was not competent in her subject area.She also outlined that her learning objectives are based on the knowledge, ability and skill of the students. This save exemplifies her since Darlington-Hammond and Baratz-Snowden (2005) states that based on the learning of necessity of their students, teachers must make a wide variety of curriculum decisions, ranging from the evaluation and selection of materials to the design and sequencing of tasks, assignments and activities to the assessment of learning to guide further teaching.The development of the curriculum in light of the students interest fosters intrinsic motivation and stimulates the students passion for learning a specific subject area. If given the opportunity for input, students wi ll generate ideas and set goals that even the teacher had not thought of. At this point teachers should embrace the fact that they do not know everything and should be unbidden to learn from their students in the process. A good teacher must take the time to know her students. Know not only their names or facial nerve representations, but their readiness level, learning styles and interest.Students are all individuals who learn at different rates and in different ways. Tomlinson (2001) outlines that students learn better if tasks are a close match for their skills and understanding of a topic (readiness), if tasks ignite curiosity or passion in a student (interest) and if the assignment encourages students to work in a preferred manner (learning style). The classrooms of our society can be extremely diverse, so teachers must be able to differentiate intrsuctions to meet the individual needs of each student.

Organizational Culture at Krispy Kreme Essay

Organizational culture is defined as a system of shared meaning held by members of an presidency which effectively sets it apart from other groups or organizations (Robbins, 2005). The system referred to in the definition is in reality a group of characteristics which are valued by the members of an organization, in particular, and the entire organization, in full general. These characteristics, which are found to be predominant in an organization, are actually advocated and promoted by the founders of the organization. By and large, organizational culture has seven general characteristics which generally describe a certain organization.These are innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, slew orientation, aggroup orientation, militantness, and constancy (Robbins, 2005). Innovation and risk taking refers to the tendency of wariness to adopt a policy which permits or encourages its becomeforce to seek out and introduce new methods and approaches eve n if some amount or risk-taking is involved. Aggressive companies are aptly described by this characteristic. Attention to detail, on the other hand, means that management insists that employees exhibit absolute accuracy in every(prenominal) facet of operation.This is prevalent among companies engaged in the production of precision instruments and devices. Outcome orientation is an organizational characteristic which simply means that the owners of the business are unstrained to sacrifice adherence to prescribed rules, regulations, and procedures if by doing so optimal results are achieved. Concern for the safety and well- universe of its workers are the primary impersonals of an organization which is characterized as being community orient. For this type of an organization, outcome or even pro gibe take secondary position to the welfare of workers.This means that no matter how profitable a decision could be for the ships company, it could get sidelined if evidence suggests th at the safety of the employees would be compromised. Meanwhile, team orientation should be interpreted as the inclination of an organization to organize work activities around work teams rather than individual workers. In other words, the organization believes that teams perform better than individuals. Aggressiveness refers to the management policy of not only tolerating an aggressive attitude among its workers but also encouraging competition.This characteristic also implies that the organization has the tendency to resort to intricacy without waiting for stability to be firmly established. Finally, stability is the opposite characteristic of aggressiveness. The company prefers the stable, profitable status quo over hasty expansion plans. An organization characterized by stability is not in a belt along to strive for growth and expansion and is usually contented with the present so long as its desired profit is realized. In the case of Krispy Kreme, its statement of objective cl early made known its aggressiveness, i. . As we enter the 21st Century, Krispy Kreme is not slowing down (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). This statement depicts a company in a spate a characteristic which is very admirable as far as an aggressive individual is concerned. Data available in the company website support this declaration. afterwards the initial public offering of its stock in the year 2000, the first international outlet near Toronto in Canada was inaugurated in December 2001. The Canadian expansion started the companys thrust towards international growth.Today, barely eight years later, Krispy Kreme products are already available in Mexico, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, Kuwait, Dubai, Hongkong, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. ). The other appealing characteristics of the company are innovation and risk taking, and team orientation. The company took its first calculated risk as early as 1950 whe n it decided to be innovative and desire to improve its doughnut-making process by designing its own doughnut-making equipment.Their objective was achieved through the efforts of a team of equipment engineers that it organized, thereby putting emphasis on the importance of team orientation. The collaboration of the engineers allowed Krispy Kreme to become the first company to serve hot doughnuts to their customers. Their engineering team is also continuously improving their hot doughnut technology to economise the companys leading status in the hot doughnut business (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. , n. d. )The culture at Krispy Kreme could also be characterized as people oriented because the organization is customer-responsive. The workforce is composed of employees who are recruited because of their innate friendliness and service-oriented tendency. Moreover, employees are not bound by hard and fast rules in their dealing with customers. there exists a rather low level of formali zation in the company and in its stores that allows employees to make the necessary adjustments that would enable them to deal satisfactorily with different kinds of people who come from all walks of life.Management refers to this policy as empowerment because it allows Krispy Kreme employees to do what they think is necessary in order to make their customers happy and satisfied. Being people oriented (particularly customer-responsive), Krispy Kreme has made it clear that employees should be painstaking in their efforts to please their customers and ensure that they keep coming back (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, n. d. ). By cultivating and sustaining a wet culture, the management has effectively informed its employees exactly what the company expects of them.Foremost among these is for the engineering team to keep on discovering new technologies that would improve their doughnut-making capability and preserve company leadership in the industry. Then its army of chefs should assume adequ ate vigilance in the preparation of their products so that customers are always satisfied with Krispy Kreme doughnuts and coffee, among others. Finally, store front-liners are expect to go out of their way to satisfy customer needs to be sincerely friendly, helpful, and accommodating, thereby generating customer loyalty (Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. n. d. ). As Robbins (2005) has specifically prescribed, a strong culture should have a high degree of sharedness and intensity which creates an internal climate of high behavioral control. At Krispy Kreme, only applicants who are perceived to fit the bill are hired. Then the culture of the company is drilled into them from day one, thereby effectively shaping the organizational behavior of every worker.

Why Npv Is the Best Method for Project Appraisal

A rational number chief city budgeting functionality should outcome two major questions. First is that, whether wizard particular image is a trade good 1? Second, if we get more than angiotensin converting enzyme available project opportunities, but we should choose entirely one of them, which one should be that one? In real life we very frequently come across with question like whether to pick up a lump some payment of retirement tale accumulated during years or receiving monthly retirement pensions until the rest of our life. In this case, NPV is the most appropriate answer out of two or three most widely used techniques in capital conclusiveness making.While doing so we also should keep in mind two major features of NPV 1) in monetary terms, NPV is the struggle between todays market value of the investment and its original cost. 2) a financial tutor should always act on behalf of the interests of shareholders through distinguishing and picking up projects with positi ve NPV, since its very wee that the ultimate target of any investment is the maximization of owners wealthiness. Another major characteristic of NPV is that they cannot be forthright originated in the market, so they need to be estimated.Since theres always the possibility of a measly estimation, financial managers need to use a number of other criterions for project evaluation for additional tuition regarding whether or not an investment has a positive NPV indeed. (fundamentals corporate finance) Internal rate of return and payback stage are the major evaluation tools used by supervisors as an alternative to NPV. It might be feasible to use mentioned methods during evaluation process as well, however each of these methods has very significant shortcomings.For illustration Major drawback of IRR is that it states the result in terms of percentage rather than through monetary amounts (variances in scale). similarity through only percentage results while considering the over ei ther purpose of maximization of shareholders wealth can be a misleading approach during evaluating investments. (Atrill/McLnaey) Then when assessing mutually exclusive projects IRR obtain can lead to an mistaken decision making, due to its reinvestment assumptions. The assumption of reinvestment of proceeds derived from the project supports the consideration of superiority of NPV over IRR.According to the assumption if NPV is pass judgment then the change flows derived from the project could be reinvested maximum as the cost of capital. But IRR assumes that all cash flows from the investment can be reinvested with the same IRR of the original project. Theory states that, a firm should take all projects which a return that exceeds the cost of capital but any other available funds could only be reinvested at the cost of capital and this assumption is consistent with NPV approach mentioned. drury) Major shortcomings of payback period can be concluded as 1) ignorance of cash flows b eyond the payback period, 2) its failure to contribute to the owners wealth while it underlines taking projects that recover original costs most quickly and 3) its ignorance of time factor. For instance If one borrows a student impart which has a payback period of 13 years, the full amount of the loan is due 13 years after the first payment, which occurs on an agreed-upon date. Over the course of the payback period, a borrower must either pay back the loan with his own finance take out a different loan to pay off the first.As a conclusion I would like to stress that, during project evaluation two essential facts should be considered thorugh a well-grounded method of assessment. The first one is the rule cash is the king (cash can be invested anyway or another when its available) and the second one is the time value of money. This suports the fact that the money is to be invested immediately where it could result in capital gull and. Then since purchasing power diminishes year by y ear due, the most correct method of the capital budgeting is the one that combines both the risk,inflation and time factors such as NPV. (management acc for business decisions)

My Mom is My Hero

T here argon many former(a) definitions of what a hacek whitethorn be. Some may say heroes are noted for their feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially unity who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. Some may often see them as mythological legends, indue with great courage and strength, and celebrated for their bold exploits. In my personal view a hero fanny be anyone of who you could relate to, and also more importantly stands up for what they believe. Does everyone have a hero? I dont know but all I could say is that I do.And she is not constitute in a comic book or in the TV she is found right here at this little warm place that I call home. Who could this hero be? Its my mummyma, Lucia Espinal. She is my hero because she works hard, is a family woman, and more importantly she believes in me. First, heroes are hard to find all because they are diligent workers. My mother is very hard working. She has worked her whole life to get where she is now. For many ye ars my mom has been the only provider for this family. After dad left us home without a cent to take to the woods us, she went out to work each day to support this growing family.Second, In order to be a great hero, one must be likeable and family oriented. Family is very important to my mother. When I think of my mom I think of how strong she is and how she has helped me throughout my 15 years. There hasnt been a time in my life where I was going through a hard time and my mom wasnt there, directional me through it. My mom is a very selfless person. She is always sure to make sure other peoples needs are full-filled before hers are. She cares for her 4 children as if we were the most valuable topic to the world. To her, we are the most valuable thing in the world.Furthermore, my mom is my hero because she was always there for me when I was feeling down and out. She would try to cheer me up and she usually did. She knew what kind of medication to give me when I was not feeling we ll or when I was hurt. My mom is my hero because she has been only one who remain when the people I think are my friends leave. She is my hero because she has always been there just in grapheme u needed someone to talk to and she would always listen to me. My mother is my hero because she is hard working and cares for her family.

Impact of 4ps Towards Consumer Behavior on Mobile Phones

With the passage of time, advents in technology have given new meanings to most everything around us. Hence, theres no permanent in this world except change. This tidal dither of change has surely affect or altered technologies especially in individuals modes of communication. These new advances have lead to addition of many things which was called as a revolution. But what really concerns this study is actually the communicatory revolution, wherein back to past times, where in people only used letters as their mode of communications to their love one whichs away from them.As technologies continue to evolve there came landlines. And now entirely a blink of an eye, training can now be transmitted done electronic signals and controlled waves consecrate in the air around them. A meandering(a) phone is an electronic device which is used in two way communication. To make use of a nimble phone, connection to a cellular interlocking is required which is an interconnection of base stations through which signals are transmitted, hence the mobile uses those signals to forge and defend connection. Mobile phones are not used for calls only, especially modern mobile phones.They offer a entire variety of communicative services such as text messaging, sending and receiving emails, access to internet, interactive games, connectivity through Bluetooth and/or USB, and many more. Hence, the focus of this study is to discuss how 4ps elements affect towards consumer behavior on mobile phones among the college students of The Fisher Valley College in Taguig City. This study is aiming of providing students of insights into the factors that influence the students behaviour when it comes to choosing and buying mobile phones, particularly for The Fisher Valley College Students.In addition to the mentioned studies in this report, the researchers will also find informations regarding how to conduct a qualitative and quantitative market research study. The reports master(pren ominal) focus will be on the students influences on mobile phones because it is these factors that aid the students in making a rational choice when given several alternatives to choose from. In this case factors influencing students behaviour in choosing a mobile phone from the different brands will be considered.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay

? entre Starbucks Corporation is an external burnt umber participation and cocoa house chain headquartered in Seattle, Washingston. Starbucks was founded in 1971, when trine academicians, began a specialty umber store called Starbucks umber, Tea and Spice in Seattle (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). In 1996, Starbucks operated its setoff international store enlargement in Tokyo, Japan. With current approximately 19,500 stores in 58 countries (Location xcelerated, 2012), Starbucks is quickly becoming wiz of the crush known discolorations and the largest specialty chocolatehouse company in the world. The Market Demand of Coffee.The demand of chocolate berry in the United States has rose 2 percent in 2011(Perez, 2011). Ameri set ups drank 77. 4 billion cups of burnt umber during a year (Perez, 2011). A statistics showed that the average outgo among chocolate drinkers in the United States is 3. 1 cups of umber per daylight (E-Imports, 2012). With concourse the information and statistics, it has proved the demand of coffee marketplace in the US is extremely high. Also, the coffee market is the potential market for rivals entering into. Hence, Starbucks has to attain strong belligerent proceedss and market demand with its resources and capabilities.Starbuckss Resources and Capabilities An organization has the ability to identifying and determining the rivalrous power of their resources and capabilities to create agonistic advantage. Business resources be the creative input or competitive asset that is owned or controlled by the organization (Thompson, 2012). In the slick of Starbucks, the resources and capabilities are coffee bean, store ambience, employee culture, and blades and reputations. Coffee Beans Coffee beans are the natural resources of Starbucks. They are one(a) of the closely valuable resources for coffee industriousness.Starbucks was a purveyor of specialty coffee it has seemed top-notch coffee beans to produce high graphic symbol of coffee. mellow case of coffee beans was usually sourced directly from coffee-producing countries, for instance Kenya, Guatemala and Indonesia. Starbucks was usually acquired the coffee bean at a premium price for suppliers who suited the Starbucks standards, socially and environmentally responsible farming. Starbucks has committed the long term contracts with the supplier in order to protect both party with the price and quality of coffee beans.The Starbuckss coffee beans provided a sustainable competitive advantage in the face of active competition. It is due to the high quality and premium coffee beans sourced from other country were uncommon and costly to imitate for competitors. Store Design and ambiance Starbucks was positioned as a trio place between beyond home and work with the store excogitation and relaxing ambience. The design of store is provided a comfort and relaxing environment for its costumer. Each detail of likes the fashion of fixtures, the edge s of countertops and the texture of slate floors was examined to enhance the unique ambience and mood of the Starbucks store.With blended the colorful banners and ar devilrks, the merchandise displays, the practice of medicine and the aromas, Starbucks has created an attractive, consistent and stimulating environment that provided comfort of a home for customer, excellent customer service and quality harvest-festivals as the concept of third place theme (Moon & Queich, 2003) cited by (Harveywallbanger, 2012). These elements made the Starbucks experience draw in keep oning its customers with the competitive advantage and capture new markets. The store design is valuable by providing a third place theme, a relaxing and conform atmosphere. in like manner, it was rare design in United States as Starbucks is the first collide withr to replicate the Italian style coffee store. Competitors are difficult and costly to imitate as the Starbucks has an exclusive In-House architects and des igners to catch the right image and character for each store. Employee Culture A vital participating in Starbuckss growth was the human resources, its employee. Starbucks has provided a great work environment around its employees, one of its most important resources and sources of sustainable competitive advantage (Gates et al. , 2011).Schultz believed that a plentiful employee benefits package was a key competitive advantage. Starbucks was the first company to offer all employees, even part-timer, were qualified to get healthcare benefits, recruit in the Bean Stock design for stock election grants. Besides that, Starbucks has offered an extensive training program to each employee that includes a commitment to customer service experience and the knowledge of proceedss (Balaban et al. , n. d). All employees of Starbucks were trained to reach good customer experiences for retaining customers.For example, they were trained just say yes to customer requests. Starbucks approach t owards employees benefited to company has maintained the perturbation rate at 60-65 percent, eon the other national manufacture turnover is about 150-400 percent a year. The plentiful employee benefit package provides a sustainable competitive advantage to Starbucks. It is added value to Starbucks because employees go forth stimulate the better job performance due to the motivation and courage. It was rare as the Starbucks was the first company provided healthcare benefits and stock option plan.And also, it is costly to imitate for Starbuckss competitors. Brand and Reputation Brand recognition and reputational are essential resources and capabilities to Starbuckss competition advantage. match to Starbucks Strategy Fortune, Starbucks store traffic has risen between 6 percent and 8 percent a year even in a down saving. Starbucks reputation was increase mostly by word of mouth rather than spending on advertising. Schultz believed that rise numerous stores helped to build the b rand to Starbucks by increasing awareness of the brand.On the other hand, Starbucks also change its brand and reputation with Fair Trade Certified coffee and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The company collaborated with CARE and Conservation worldwide to encourage environment responsible methods of increment coffee. These activities would be created the attention and standoff of its customers on the brand of Starbucks. Due with the strength of brand and reputation, Starbucks was achieved sustainable competitive advantages in the specialty coffee segment. Michael Porters Five Forces Model.One of the powerful and widely assessment tools of an organizations industrys competitive forces is the five forces mold, created by Michael Porter. This pose embraces that the competitive forces affecting industry success go beyond tilt among competing sellers and include four coexisting sources (Thompson, 2012). The Michael Porters five forces are the threat of founding, the threat of substitutes, the negotiate power of buyers, the bargaining power of supply and rivalry among competing sellers. I go out identify the competitive environment of Starbucks in coffee industry by using Michael Porters Five Forces Model.1) Industry aspiration The industry competition among the existing firms is positioned at the center of Porter five forces model. Rivalry is gradually growing against Starbucks each year as the growing of industry. The growth of industry rivalry has increased due to record the new wares into the market and differentiate products based on quality, service and selection (Gamble & Thompson, Jr. , 2011) cited by (Brown, 2011). With this point, Starbucks has introduced a new way of having premium coffee and new product of Frappuccino, was greatly differentiated from the competitors.Starbucks also served coffee with the highest freshness standards with FlavorLock bags. Starbucks compete to against two strong orgationation in the fast food industry who thrust operated coffee beverages and stepped into coffee market, McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts. The competitive threat distributed by McDonalds to Starbucks was referring to the Consumer Reports magazine in 2008 , which rated that the McDonalds the quality of coffee is better and the price is cheaper as compared to Starbucks. The industrys growing has slowed down while the industry competition is increasing among existing firms.In short, the force of industry rivalry formed by the competition among coffees industry is characterized very strong. 2) The Threat of New Entrance The second competitive force of Porters model has significant differenced in the late of 80s and the recent competitive environment of Starbucks, is no barriers to entry. According to Porter (2008), barriers of entry are low in the specialty coffee industry. The coffee houses in the United States were about 585 in 1987 and 25000 in 2007. It showed that the new entrants of specialty coffee market was increasing sp eedily in 20 years.Besides that, the specialty coffee market had grown from $11. 5billion (2005) to $12. 27 billion (2006) in the United States. Due to the market demand growing rapidly, it was attracted a number of fast-food retailers, such company as McDonald and Dunkin Donuts. In addition, the product speciality (included coffee selection, roasting and brewing) is considered weak. With these elements, it can be established that the threat of new entrants in coffee industry is moderate. However, Starbucks has a strong competitive advantage with a surface-known brand and image, the quality service and assortment products, and a strong market in the segmentation.3) The Threat of Substitutes Another competitive force of Porters model is the threat of substitutes. The force of substitutes is significant decreased in the coffee market. This is because, there are simply little of substitutes product, such substitute as soft drinks, energy drinks and fruit juices. The principal subst itution of products has be a slight threat to coffee industry were carbonated soft drinks which introduced by the Pepsi and Coca-Cola company. In the sometime(prenominal) few years, studies have done that coffee has increasingly curbed the preference of consumer more than carbonated soft drinks.This is likely concentrated the hearty related with carbonated soft drinks, and evidenced that coffee is a relatively healthy preference. (Harding, 2000) cited by (Larson. , 2008) Based on the information and evidence, the threat of competitive substitute products is considered to be weak for Starbucks Corporation. 4) The talk terms Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of supplier has changed in several(prenominal) ways through the widely growing in the coffee industry. Starbucks was purchased it premium coffee beans from the farmers that were numerous, small and unconnected during the late 1980s.In the recently years, coffee beans suppliers were joint by Fair Trade Certified coffee and acted like a large entity. strong point coffee companies were making the coffee beans suppliers gradually important by seeking greater quality of coffee to compete the competitors in the market. The coffee beans suppliers today are more power, with increased joint and increased vastness upon high quality coffee beans. Starbucks has work out with the coffee beans suppliers into continuing fixed-price commitments in order to ensure an adequate supply, which decreased the supplier bargaining power. (Larson, 2008) 5) The Bargaining Power of buyers.The last element of five forces model is the bargaining power of buyers. The force of the buyers bargaining power is defined to the buyers capability to force down prices, and seek for higher-quality products and services (Porter, 1998, p. 24) cited by (Larson, 2008). The bargaining power of buyer in specialty coffee segment is considered high, since two strong competitor of Starbucks, McDonalds and Dunkins Donuts have offered the lower prices. However, Starbucks has introduced the several new products and high quality of coffee, highly differentiated to maintain consumers satisfied and away from competitors in the coffee market.Thus, the buyer bargaining power has offset and became moderate. The Summary of Michael Porters Five Factor In summary, the coffee market faces very strong forces from the industry rivals but it obtains weak forces from the threat of substitutes. Besides, the other threesome forces are considered as moderate. Generally, the impact of the five forces is moderate in the specialty coffee industry. Therefore, Starbucks is able to obtain the ideal revenues in the coffee market with operated effectively and efficiently. Starbucks Generic Strategy.There are three successful generic competitive strategies that organizations can apply to achieve their competitive strategies, included boilers suit cost leadership, specialisation and boil down, defined by Michael Porter. Overall cost leadership s trategy implies an organization to apply lower overall costs to attract consumers. The differentiation generic strategy contains the creation of service and product as being valuable and unique for the industry. Focus is the last generic strategy, which aims a certain market of a product line (Porter, 1998, p. 38) cited by (Larson, 2008).However, Starbucks are suitable the broad differentiation strategy of the five generic competitive strategies nowadays. This strategy allows Starbucks to serve a broader customer base with the differentiation of product and service (Grant, 2009) cited by (Brown, 2011). This approaches to retain and attract as many consumer with the generally product mix. Starbucks had the unique skills, products and services reputation with the distribution segment of specialty coffee industry. For instance, Starbucks was developed an icy-blend of dark-roasted coffee and milk, named Frappuccino.This drink was a hit with $54 million gross revenue in the first year o n the national market. In addition, the high-quality standards and strong employee culture of Starbucks were known well in the specialty coffee industry. The high-quality coffee beans are purchased from Fair Trade Certified, considered a differentiation product to other competitors. The employees of Starbucks were also trained to have strong customer experience. In the differentiation strategies, Starbucks have beef up the brand and reputation for quality and creative flair. Starbucks Strategy Options.Starbucks is able to create three strategic options for sustaining competitive advantage and further growing the business by having evaluated its forces. The three strategic options for Starbucks are that variegation, involution and merger. 1) diversification The diversification of a business is that introducing new products and offering new services to the industry. There are two way of diversification for business, be related or unrelated. Starbucks is suited to attempt related di versification, reflecting more acquaintance with the specialty coffee industry.Schultz believed that the company has lacked on blockbuster products, only the variations of products. Starbucks has a successful product diversification in the history with launched coffee and tea beverages, brewing and serving equipment, roasted coffee beans, music and gifts. The entry of savory products such as cake, donut and muffin is a successful diversification as it can be combined with the existing product and core product, coffee. The diversification strategy is a good option for enhancing Starbucks growth and competitive advantage. 2) Expansion.The expansion of an organization can be within a country and into an foreign market. Starbucks should reduce their expansion efforts in the United States and focus to expand its business into new countries to further internationalize it. The Economist stated, While Starbucks has expanded so have its rivals. The firms home market seems to have reached saturation point. With the rapid expansion, Starbucks is oversaturated in the United States. Therefore, this strategy option is suitable for Starbucks as the United States coffee market is reaching saturation point.If Starbucks has to go further growing and expanding, the international expansion is one of the best strategies for Starbucks. 3) Merger and Acquisition According to Investopedia, it defined as a merger is an alliance of two organizations while an acquisition is the attaining of one organization by another. The strategy of merger and acquisition sets out to accomplish the kindred goal, by increased broad customer base, market appropriate and corporate strength of business. In the history, Starbucks has merge with Dreyers Grand Ice Cream to develop super premium ice cream and acquired a premium tea company, Tazo LLC.In the case study of Starbucks, there states that there were about 25000 coffee houses in the United States in 2007. The merger and acquisition of small specialty coffee retailers will enhances the market position, market share and competitive advantage of Starbucks. This is a strategy that will exploit opportunities whilst avoiding threats to further growing and expansion of Starbucks. Recommendations The first and most important process which Starbucks should take is to reduce the efforts expansion in the United States.According to Starbucks strategy Fortune, a new store will often cannibalize about 30% of the gross revenue of a nearby Starbucks. The continuing aggressive of expansion in the United States by opening as many new stores of the same area is an act to cannibalize store gross sales. The reason why Starbucks should diminish their expansion plan is the coffee market has reached the saturation in the US. The overcapacity of expansion plans in a localization of function will be met with failure to an organization. On the basis of all the evaluation and evidence referred for the strategy options, the pass is to further expand internationally.Starbucks can convey the remained investment into international development plans by reducing the expansion plans in United States. The expansion of international market offers a supreme target with three innate objectives. The first reason is the lack of awareness of coffee market in many countries which represent the potential market share. For instance, Starbucks currently opens approximately 20,000 stores with 13,000 in the US and 7000 in foreign countries. The total coffee consumption per person in the US has lowered much than many countries, such country as Finland and Italy.With gathering the information, this proves that expand internationally, there is a massive coffee drinking population and potential market share to be selected. (Starbucks Corporation, 2008) cited by (Larson, 2008). Another reason that international expansion offers an ideal prospect is that the expansion of product innovation. For example, Starbucks has announced their Tazo tea b rand into the Japanese market. And, Tazo was brought into the United States market as it was a successful test in Japan. Tazo green tea has brought a success to Starbucks as it was a national drinks and showed that the power of brand in North America.Starbucks could have to evade the risk of brand reputation as more modern products should run a trial in international markets. Since the markets have yet visible to Starbucks for a level time, it is possible to avoid a great risk with affecting the brand reputation. Therefore, Starbucks has great competitive advantage in the markets with expand intentionally. The last reason of international expansion is to increase the brand reputation. Building brand image is key factor to an organization as the brand will affects an organizations sales and position in the market.For example, in case of Starbucks, the company has increased revenue from $7. 8 billion in 2006 to $9. 4 in 2007, along with an increase in brand value. In order to recov er the exclusivity of Starbucks brand, Schultz would focus the expansion of international countries and slow down the expansion of the United States. Therefore, the international aggressive expansion will help to ratify its brand image and regain a strong competitive advantage for Starbucks. In a nut shell, I am highly recommended a strategy decision to Starbucks is that expanding into international markets.International countries have represented the ideal potential market shares with the high demand of specialty coffee. By applying this strategy, Starbucks will continue to be the leader in the specialty coffee industry and further regain and strengthen its competitive advantage. Furthermore, it also gains the customer satisfaction in the international markets. International expansion is the way to move forward.Reference Balaban, S. et al. (n. d) Management 600 Starbucks Coffee Company. http//cobweb2. louisville. edu/faculty/regbruce/bruce/cases/starbucks/starbucks. htm Accessed o n 7 April 2012.Brown, H. (2011) External Environmental outline of Starbucks and the Coffee Industry Strategic Management MGMT 4340 http//www2. uhv. edu/chapao/MGMT4340/Samples/Project%20Sample%203. pdf Accessed on 9 April 2012 E-Imports (2012) Coffee Statistics Espresso Business Solutions. http//www. e-importz. com/Support/specialty_coffee. htm Accessed on 5 April 2012. Gates, R. et al. (2011) Strategy Analysis MGMT 562 http//freedownload. is/pdf/strategy-analysis-mgmt-562-2925711. html Accessed on 6 April 2012.Harveywallbanger. (2012) Starbucks Customer Retention Strategies 89 HubPages.http//harveywallbanger. hubpages. com/hub/Starbucks-Customer-Retention-Strategies Accessed on 6 April 2012. Heavey, J. (2012) Starbucks a Strategic ReportScribd. http//www. scribd. com/doc/27614539/Starbucks-a-Strategic-Report-by-James-Heavey Accessed on 8 April 2012.Larson, R. (2008) Starbucks a Strategic Analysis Past Decisions and Future Options http//coe. brown. edu/documents/StarbucksaStrategic Analysis_R. Larson_honors_2008. pdf Accessed on 8 April 2012. Location Excelerated (2012) How many Starbucks are they? Location Excelerated. http//loxcel. com/sbux-faq. html.